Autoimmune diseases are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the body, leading to inflammation and damage. While these diseases can affect various organs and systems, resulting in a wide range of symptoms, one lesser-known connection is dry eye syndrome.
Dry eye occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when tears evaporate too quickly, leading to discomfort, irritation, and even vision problems. Research has shown that individuals with autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis are at a higher risk for developing dry eye symptoms.
In Sjögren's syndrome, the immune system primarily targets moisture-producing glands, leading to significant dryness not only in the eyes but also in the mouth. By understanding this link early on, patients can seek treatments tailored to alleviate dry eye symptoms while managing their underlying autoimmune condition effectively.
What is Sjögren’s Syndrome?
Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterised by the body’s immune system mistakenly attacking its own glands, primarily those that produce saliva and tears. This leads to two of the most common symptoms: dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca). However, the condition can also affect other parts of the body, resulting in joint pain, fatigue, and even complications involving organs such as the kidneys or liver.
Diagnosing Sjögren’s syndrome can be challenging due to its overlapping symptoms with other conditions. Doctors typically begin with a thorough medical history and physical examination and they may conduct specific tests to assess salivary gland function and tear production. Blood tests are also crucial in identifying autoantibodies commonly associated with Sjögren's syndrome, such as anti-Ro/SS-A and anti-La/SS-B antibodies.
While there is no cure, treatments focus on managing symptoms, such as using artificial tears, saliva substitutes, and medications that suppress the immune system.
Dry Eye Syndrome in Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients
As mentioned, one of the most common manifestations of this condition is dry eyes, which occurs due to a reduction in tear production and alterations in tear composition.
In patients with Sjögren’s syndrome , the lacrimal glands - responsible for secreting tears - become inflamed and damaged. This leads to insufficient lubrication on the surface of the eye, resulting in symptoms such as dryness, irritation, and a gritty sensation. Additionally, the quality of tears may be compromised due to an imbalance in their components, specifically, there may be a decrease in mucins or lipids that are crucial for maintaining tear stability.
The inflammation associated with Sjögren's syndrome can also affect other ocular structures and contribute to further discomfort. For patients, it’s vital to work with an experienced eye care specialist in conjunction with their physicians to ensure the best dry eye disease treatment to suit their needs.
Treatment Options
Managing dry eye symptoms effectively is vital for improving quality of life in individuals with this condition. There are several treatment options available that can help alleviate discomfort and enhance eye moisture.
Artificial Tears - Over-the-counter artificial tears are often the first line of defence against dry eye symptoms as they can provide immediate relief by adding moisture to the eyes.
Prescription Eye Drops - For more severe cases, patients may be prescribed medications that are administered directly to the eyes which help reduce inflammation and increase tear production.
Punctal Plugs - These small devices can be inserted into the tear ducts to block drainage, allowing tears to remain on the surface of the eye longer and provide sustained moisture.
Warm Compresses - Applying warm compresses can help unclog blocked oil glands in the eyelids, promoting better tear film stability.
It’s also important for those with Sjögren’s syndrome to stay well hydrated, use humidifiers in dry environments, and take regular breaks from screens – all of this can significantly improve symptoms.
By consulting with an optometrist, ophthalmologist or a healthcare provider specialising in Sjögren’s and exploring these options, individuals with this condition can find effective ways to manage their dry eye symptoms and enhance their overall comfort.
Raising awareness about the link between autoimmune diseases and dry eyes, is essential for both patients and healthcare providers. Autoimmune diseases can often manifest in various ways, and dry eye symptoms are frequently overlooked or misdiagnosed.
Want to learn more about chronic dry eye disease treatment?
Abernethy Owens has been helping families in Perth manage a range of eye health conditions for almost 100 years. Whether it’s innovative dry eye treatments, contact lenses for astigmatism, or advanced myopia control options like ortho-k, we are here to help. Call 1800 411 744 or book a consultation online now.